Bladder changes are very common, especially as we get older. For some of us, this could mean needing to rush to the toilet urgently, or getting up several times at night. For others, it could be noticing leaks when you laugh, sneeze, or lift something heavy. 

If these start to feel disruptive and more frequent, it's always worth speaking to your GP if they’re affecting your daily life.

Here are the most common types and their possible causes. Stress and urge incontinence account for nine out of ten cases of urinary incontinence. 

Stress Incontinence

Stress incontinence happens when small leaks occur due to pressure on your bladder, often during coughing, laughing, sneezing, exercise, or lifting.

This is often caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles, which may result from childbirth, menopause, or prostate surgery. It can also be linked to carrying excess weight, which places added strain on the muscles that support the bladder.

Urge Incontinence

Urge incontinence is the sudden, intense need to go to the toilet. Sometimes, without enough time to get to the toilet. This can be triggered by an overactive bladder, a urinary tract infection, or neurological conditions that affect how your bladder communicates with your brain.

As we age, it’s also normal to find our bladder gives less warning before it needs to empty. If you believe you are experiencing this for the first time or it is starting to happen more frequently, it’s advised that you speak to your GP.

Overactive Bladder (OAB)

Overactive bladder, also known as OAB, causes a frequent and urgent need to pass urine. This can occur during the day and night. You may feel the need to go even if your bladder isn’t full. OAB doesn’t always lead to incontinence, but it can be frustrating and tiring if you’re constantly looking for a toilet.

Overflow Incontinence

This type of incontinence happens when the bladder doesn’t empty properly. As a result, it can feel constantly full and lead to unexpected leaks.

Causes may include an enlarged prostate (in men), severe constipation, or medical conditions such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, or stroke — all of which can affect how the bladder functions.

Functional Incontinence

Functional incontinence refers to bladder leaks caused by mobility or dexterity challenges, rather than a direct issue with the bladder itself. For example, for other medical reasons, you may struggle to get to the toilet in time or find it difficult to remove clothing quickly.

This type of incontinence is more common for people living with conditions like arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple sclerosis.

Nocturia

Nocturia is the fancy word for that urge to urinate in the middle of the night, which can be disruptive and frustrating. 

It’s common to wake once or twice during the night to go to the toilet. However, if you’re getting up several times every night, it can start to affect your sleep and overall well-being. At this point, it is usually referred to as Nocturia. 

If this is happening regularly, speak to your GP as soon as you can, as there may be underlying reasons, and support could be available.

Need More Help?

You can learn more about these conditions and their possible causes on the NHS website.

For practical advice on managing leaks and staying comfortable day-to-day, take a look at our:

• Ways to Help Yourself
   
• Where to Get Help
   
• How the Bladder Works